Everything about Tbilisi Georgia totally explained
Tbilisi (in
Georgian: თბილისი), is the
capital and the largest city of
Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mtkvari (
Kura) River. Tbilisi is sometimes called
Tiflis (or
Tifflis), which is its Medieval non-native name. The city covers an area of 726 km² (280.3 square miles) and has 1,093,000 inhabitants.
Founded in the 5th century
AD by
Vakhtang Gorgasali, the Georgian King of
Kartli (
Iberia), and made into a capital in the 6th century, Tbilisi is a significant
industrial,
social, and
cultural center. The city is also emerging as an important transit route for global energy and trade projects. Located strategically at the crossroads between
Europe and
Asia and lying along the historic
Silk Road routes, Tbilisi has often been the point of contention between various rivaling powers and empires. The history of the city can be seen by its architecture, where the
Haussmannized Rustaveli avenue and downtown are blended with the narrower streets of the medieval
Narikala district.
The demographics of the city is diverse and historically it has been home to peoples from different cultures, religions and ethnicities. Despite being overwhelmingly
Orthodox Christian, Tbilisi is one of the few places in the world where a synagogue and a mosque are located next to each other, in the ancient
Bath district several hundred meters from the
Metekhi Church. In recent times, Tbilisi has become known for the peaceful
Rose Revolution, which took place around
Freedom Square and nearby locations after the contested
parliamentary elections of 2003 led to the resignation of the
Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze.
Tbilisi has
one international airport. Notable tourist destinations include
Tbilisi Sameba Cathedral,
Freedom Square,
Sioni Cathedral,
Metekhi,
Narikala,
Parliament of Georgia,
Rustaveli Avenue,
Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre,
Anchiskhati Basilica,
Mtatsminda (Holy Mountain),
Kashveti Church along with the National and Historic Museums of Georgia and numbers of art galleries. Tbilisi is the home of famous artists. The city life was immortalized in their art by
Niko Pirosmani and
Lado Gudiashvili.
History
Early history
According to an old legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458 AD. One widely accepted variant of the legend of Tbilisi's founding states that King
Vakhtang I Gorgasali of
Georgia went hunting in the heavily wooded region with a
falcon (sometimes the falcon is either substituted by a
hawk or other small
birds of prey in the legend). The King's
falcon allegedly caught/injured a
pheasant during the hunt, after which both birds fell into a nearby
hot spring and died (from the burns received in the hot water). King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs that he decided to cut down the forest and build a city on the location. The name
Tbilisi derives from the
Old Georgian word "Tpili", meaning warm. The name
Tbili or
Tbilisi ("warm location") therefore was given to the city because of the area's numerous
sulfuric hot springs that came out of the ground.
Archaeological studies of the region have revealed that the territory of Tbilisi was settled by humans as early as the 4th millennium B.C. The earliest actual (recorded) accounts of settlement of the location come from the second half of the 4th century A.D, when a fortress was built during King
Varaz-Bakur's reign. Towards the end of the 4th century the fortress fell into the hands of the
Persians after which the location fell back into the hands of the Kings of
Kartli (Georgia) by the middle of the 5th century A.D. King
Vakhtang I Gorgasali (reigned in the middle and latter halves of the 5th century) who is largely credited for founding Tbilisi was actually responsible for reviving and building up the city and not founding it. The present-day location of the area which Gorgasali seems to have built up is spread out around the
Metekhi cliff and the latter-day
Abanot-Ubani neighborhood.
Tbilisi becomes a capital
King
Dachi I Ujarmeli (beginning of the 6th century A.D.), who was the successor of
Vakhtang I Gorgasali, moved the capital from
Mtskheta to Tbilisi according to the will left by his father. It must be mentioned that Tbilisi wasn't the capital of a unified Georgian state at that time (therefore didn't include the territory of
Colchis) and was only the capital of
Eastern Georgia/
Iberia. During his reign, King
Dachi I was also responsible for finishing the construction of the fortress wall that lined the city's new boundaries. Beginning from the 6th century, Tbilisi started to grow at a steady pace due to the region's favorable and strategic location which placed the city along important trade and travel routes between
Europe and
Asia.
Foreign domination
Tbilisi's favorable and strategic location didn't necessarily bode well for its existence as
Eastern Georgia's/
Iberia's capital. Located strategically in the heart of the
Caucasus between
Europe and
Asia, Tbilisi became an object of rivalry between the region's various powers such as
Persia, The
Byzantine Empire,
Arabia, and the
Seljuk Turks. The
cultural development of the city was therefore heavily dependent on who ruled the city at various times. Even though Tbilisi (and Eastern Georgia in general) was able to maintain a certain degree of autonomy from its conquerors, the foreign domination of the city began in the latter half of the 6th century and lasted well into the 10th century A.D.
From 570-580 A.D., the
Persians took over Tbilisi and ruled it for about a decade. In the year 627 A.D.,
Tbilisi was sacked by the
Byzantine/
Khazar armies and later from 736-738, Arab armies entered the town under
Marwan II Ibn-Muhammad. After this point, the
Arabs established an
emirate in Tbilisi. It must be noted that the Arab domination brought a certain order to the region and introduced a more formal/modernized judicial system into
Georgia. In 764, Tbilisi was once again sacked by the
Khazars, which was still under
Arab control. In the year 853 A.D., the armies of
Arab leader
Bugha Al-Turki (Bugha the Turk) invaded Tbilisi in order to establish a
Caliphate. The Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050 A.D, because local Georgians were unsuccessful in their drive to expel the Arabs. In 1068, the city was once again sacked, only this time by the
Seljuk Turks under
Sultan Alp Arslan.
Tbilisi as the capital of a unified Georgian state
In 1122, after heavy fighting with the
Seljuks that involved at least 60,000
Georgians and up to 300,000
Turks, the troops of the King of
Georgia David the Builder entered Tbilisi. After the battles for Tbilisi concluded, David moved his residence from
Kutaisi (Western Georgia) to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unified Georgian State. From 12-13th centuries, Tbilisi became a dominant regional power with a thriving economy (with well-developed trade and skilled labour) and a well-established social system/structure. By the end of the 12th century (A.D.), the population of Tbilisi had reached 80,000. The city also became an important
literary and a
cultural center not only for
Georgia but for the larger
civilized world as well. During
Queen Tamar's reign,
Shota Rustaveli worked in Tbilisi while writing his legendary epic poem,
The Knight in the Panther's Skin. This period is often referred to as "Georgia's Golden Age" or the Georgian
Renaissance .
Mongol domination and the following period of instability
Tbilisi's "Golden Age" didn't last for more than a century. In 1236 A.D., after suffering crushing defeats to the
Mongols,
Georgia came under
Mongol domination. The nation itself maintained a form of semi-independence and didn't lose its statehood, but Tbilisi was strongly influenced by the Mongols for the next century both politically and culturally. In the 1320s, the Mongols were forcefully expelled from Georgia and Tbilisi became the capital of an independent Georgian state once again. An outbreak of the
plague struck the city in 1366.
From the late 14th until the end of the 18th century, Tbilisi came under the rule of various foreign invaders once again and on several occasions was completely burnt to the ground. In 1386, Tbilisi was
invaded by the armies of
Tamerlane (Timur). In 1444, the city was invaded and destroyed by
Jahan Shah (the Shah of the town of
Tabriz in
Persia). From 1477 to 1478 the city was held by the
Ak Koyunlu tribesmen of
Uzun Hassan. In 1522 A.D., Tbilisi came under
Persian control but was later freed in 1524 by King
David X of
Georgia. During this period, many parts of Tbilisi were reconstructed and rebuilt. From the 17-18th centuries, Tbilisi once again became the object of rivalry only this time between the
Ottoman Turks and
Persia. King
Erekle of
Georgia tried on several occasions, successfully, to free Tbilisi from Persian rule but in the end Tbilisi was burnt to the ground in 1795 by
Shah Agha-Mohammad Khan. At this point, sensing that Georgia couldn't hold up against
Persia alone,
Erekle sought the help of
Russia.
Tbilisi under Russian control
In 1801, after the Georgian kingdom of
Kartl-Kakheti joined the
Russian Empire, Tbilisi became the center of the Tbilisi Governance (Gubernia). From the beginning of the 19th century Tbilisi started to grow economically and politically. New buildings mainly of
European style were erected throughout the town. New roads and railroads were built to connect Tbilisi to other important cities in
Russia and other parts of the
Transcaucasus (locally) such as
Batumi,
Poti,
Baku, and
Yerevan. By the 1850s Tbilisi once again emerged as a major trade and a cultural center. The likes of
Ilia Chavchavadze,
Akaki Tsereteli,
Iakob Gogebashvili,
Alexander Griboedov and many other statesmen, poets, and artists all found their home in Tbilisi. The city was visited on numerous occasions by and was the object of affection of
Alexander Pushkin,
Leo Tolstoy,
Mikhail Lermontov, the
Romanov Family and others. The
Romanov Family established their residence (in
Transcaucasia) on
Golovin Street (Present-day
Rustaveli Avenue).
Throughout the century, the political, economic and cultural role of Tbilisi with its ethnic, confessional and cultural diversity (
Armenians,
Georgians and
Russians comprised 38.1, 26.3 and 24.8 percent of the population respectively in 1897) was significant not only for Georgia but for the whole Caucasus. Hence, Tbilisi took on a different look. It acquired different architectural monuments and the attributes of an international city, as well as its own urban folklore and language, and the specific
Tbilisuri (literally, belonging to Tbilisi) culture.
Independence: 1918–1921
After the
Russian Revolution of 1917, the city served as a location of the
Transcaucasus interim government which established, in the spring of 1918, the short-lived independent
Transcaucasian Federation with the capital in Tbilisi. It was here, in the former Caucasus Vice royal Palace, where the independence of three Transcaucasian nations – Georgia,
Armenia and
Azerbaijan – was declared on May 26 to 28 1918. Since then, Tbilisi functioned as the capital of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia until
25 February 1921. From 1918 to 1919 the city was also a home to the
German and
British military headquarters consecutively.
Under the national government, Tbilisi turned into the first Caucasian
University City after the
Tbilisi State University was founded in 1918, a long-time dream of the Georgians banned by the
Imperial Russian authorities for several decades. On 25 February 1921, the
Bolshevist Russian 11th
Red Army invaded Tbilisi after bitter fighting at the outskirts of the city and declared Soviet rule.
Under the Communist Government
In 1921, the
Democratic Republic of Georgia was
occupied by the
Soviet Bolshevik forces from
Russia, and until 1991 Tbilisi functioned first as the capital city of the
Transcaucasian SFSR (which included
Armenia,
Azerbaijan, and
Georgia), and later as the capital of the
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the
Soviet rule, Tbilisi's population grew significantly, the city became more
industrialized and came to be an important political, social, and cultural center of the
Soviet Union. In 1980, the city housed the first state-sanctioned
rock festival in the USSR.
Tbilisi witnessed mass anti-Russian demonstrations in
1956, (in protest against the anti-Stalin policies of
Khrushchev), 1978 and
1989, which concluded with bloody crackdowns on the first and the last occasions.
After the break-up of the Soviet Union
Since the
break-up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi has experienced periods of significant instability and turmoil. After a brief Civil War which the city endured for two weeks from December 1991 – January 1992 (when pro-
Gamsakhurdia and Opposition forces clashed with each other), Tbilisi became the scene of frequent armed confronations between various
mafia clans and illegal business entrepreneurs. Even during the
Shevardnadze Era (1993-2003), crime and corruption became rampant at most levels of society. Many segments of society became impoverished due to a lack of employment which was caused by the crumbling
economy. Average citizens of Tbilisi started to become increasingly disillusioned with the existing quality of life in the city (and in the nation in general). Mass protests took place in November 2003 after falsified
parliamentary elections forced more than 100,000 people into the streets and concluded with the
Rose Revolution. Since 2003, Tbilisi has experienced considerably more stability, decreasing crime rates and improving economy.
Politics and Administration
The status of Tbilisi, as the nation’s capital, is defined by the Article 10 in the
Constitution of Georgia (1995) and the
Law on Georgia’s Capital – Tbilisi (
February 20,
1998).
Tbilisi is governed by the
Tbilisi Assembly (Sakrebulo) and the
Tbilisi City Hall (Meria). The City Assembly gets elected once every four years. The mayor gets elected by the City Assembly. The current
Mayor of Tbilisi is
Giorgi (Gigi) Ugulava and the Chairman of the Tbilisi City Assembly is Zaal Begashvili.
Administratively, the city is divided into
raions (
districts), which have their own units of central and local government with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs. This subdivision was established under Soviet rule in the 1930s, following the general
subdivision of the Soviet Union. Since Georgia regained independence, the raion system was modified and reshuffled. According to the latest revision, Tbilisi raions include:
Most of the raions are named after respective historical neighborhoods of the city. The citizens of Tbilisi widely recognize a system of the smaller non-formal historical neighborhoods. Such neighborhoods are several, however, constituting a kind of hierarchy, since most of them have lost their distinctive topographic limits. The natural first level of subdivision of the city is into the Right Bank and the Left Bank of the Mtkvari. The names of the oldest neighborhoods go back to the early Middle Ages, and sometimes pose a great linguistic interest. The newest whole-built developments bear chiefly residential marketing names.
Mayors of Tbilisi
Otar Litanishvili 1992–1993
Konstantine Gabashvili 1993
Nikoloz Lekishvili 1993–1995
Badri Shoshitaishvili 1995–1998
Ivane (Vano) Zodelava 1998–2004
Zurab Tchiaberashvili 2004–2005
Giorgi (Gigi) Ugulava 2005–inc
Transportation
There are different types of transportation in Tbilisi, the most popular of which are the yellow buses, that were transported from the Netherlands by the new government of Georgia. Tbilisi is also served by the Tbilisi Metro, that has been functioning since 1966 . There used to be Tram Lines in Tbilisi, that were built in the Soviet Period, but currently they're cancelled. In addition, there are many taxi companies. The city is served by Tbilisi International Airport.
Geography
Location
Tbilisi is located in the South Caucasus at 41° 43' North Latitude and 44° 47' East Longitude. The city is situated in East Georgia on both banks of the Mtkvari River. The elevation of the city ranges from 380-770 meters above sea level (1246-1968 ft)and possesses the shape of an amphitheatre surrounded by mountains on three sides. To the north, Tbilisi is bounded by the Saguramo Range, to the east and south-east by the Iori Plain, to the south and west by various endings (sub-ranges) of the Trialeti Range.
The relief of Tbilisi is quite complex. The part of the city which lies on the left bank of the Mtkvari (Kura) River extends for more than 30km (19 miles) from the Avchala District to River Lochini. The part of the city which lies on the right side of the Mtkvari River on the other hand is built along the foothills of the Trialeti Range, the slopes of which in many cases descend all the way to the edges of the river Mtkvari. The mountains, therefore, are a significant barrier to urban development on the right bank of the Mtkvari River. This type of a geographic environment creates pockets of very densely developed areas while other parts of the city are left undeveloped due to the complex topographic relief.
North of the city is a large reservoir (commonly known as the Tbilisi Sea) fed by irrigation canals.
Climate
The climate of Tbilisi is transitional from humid subtropical to relatively mild continental. The city's climate is influenced both by dry (Central Asian/Siberian) air masses from the east and humid subtropical (Atlantic/Black Sea) air masses from the west. Tbilisi experiences relatively cold winters and hot summers. Because the city is bounded on most sides by mountain ranges, the close proximity to large bodies of water (Black and Caspian Seas) and the fact that the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range (further to the north) blocks the intrusion of cold air masses from Russia, Tbilisi has a relatively mild micro-climate compared to other cities that possess a similar continental climate along the same latitudes.
The average annual temperature in Tbilisi is 12.7 degrees Celsius. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 0.9 degrees Celsius. July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.4 degrees Celsius. The absolute minimum recorded temperature is -23 degrees Celsius and the absolute maximum is 40 degrees Celsius. Average annual precipitation is 568 mm (22.4 inches). May is the wettest month (90 mm) while January is the driest (20 mm). Snow may fall on average for 15-25 days per year. The surrounding mountains often trap the clouds within and around the city mainly during the Spring and Autumn months, resulting in prolonged rainy and/or cloudy weather. Northwesterly winds dominate in most parts of Tbilisi throughout the year. Southeasterly winds are common as well.
People and culture
Demographics
Tbilisi is a multicultural city. The city is home to more than 100 different ethnic groups. Around 80% of the population is ethnically Georgian, with significant populations of other ethnic groups which includes Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Along with the above mentioned groups, Tbilisi is also home to various other ethnic groups including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Jews, Estonians, Germans, Kurds, Assyrians, and others. In recent years, the Turkish and Chinese populations of the city have experienced the fastest rates of growth.
Religion
More than 85% of the residents of Tbilisi practice various forms of Christianity (the most predominant of which is the Georgian Orthodox Church). The Russian Orthodox Church as well as the Armenian Apostolic Church have significant following within the city as well. Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, and other Christian denominations also make up the city's Christian minority. A large minority of the population (around 8%) practises Islam (mainly Sunni Islam). Judaism is also common, but to a lesser extent (about 2% of Tbilisi's population practices Judaism). Tbilisi has been historically known for religious tolerance. This is especially evident in the city's Old Town, where a Mosque, Synagogue, and Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches can all be found within less than 500 meters from each other.
Sports
Tbilisi has a fairly rich sports history. Like many other towns of the Near East with strong Asian cultural influences, Tbilisi historically had a special area of town that was designated for sports competitions. The present-day districts of Saburtalo and Didube were the most common areas where such competitions were held. Up until the beginning of the 19th century, sports such as horse-riding (polo in particular), wrestling, boxing, and marksmanship were the most popular city sports. As Tbilisi started to develop socially and economically and integrate more with the West, new sports from Europe were introduced. The Soviet period brought an increased popularization of sports that were common in Europe and to a certain extent, the United States. At the same time, Tbilisi developed the necessary sports infrastructure for various professional sports. By 1978, the city had around 250 large and small sports facilities, including among others, four indoor and six outdoor Olympic sized pools, 185 basketball courts and halls, 192 volleyball facilities, 82 handball arenas, 19 tennis courts, 31 football (soccer) fields, and five stadiums. At present, the largest stadium in Tbilisi is the Boris Paichadze Stadium (55,000 seats) and the second largest is the Mikheil Meskhi Stadium (24,680 seats). The Sports Palace which usually hosts basketball games with high attendance and tennis tournaments can seat up to approximately 11,000 people.
Vere Basketball Hall is a smaller indoor sports arena with a 2,5000 seating capacity.
The most popular sports in Tbilisi today are football, rugby union, basketball, and wrestling. Also popular sports include tennis, swimming and water polo. There are several professional football and rugby teams as well as wrestling clubs. NBA players Zaza Pachulia and Nikoloz Tskitishvili are Tbilisi natives. Outside of professional sports, the city has a number of inter-collegiate and amateur sports teams and clubs.
Tbilisi's signature football team, Dinamo Tbilisi, hasn't won a major European championship since 1981, when it won the European Cup Winners' Cup and became the easternmost team in Europe to achieve the feat. The basketball club Dinamo Tbilisi won the Euroleague in 1962 but also never repeated any such feat.
Media
The large majority of Georgia’s media companies (including television, newspaper and radio) are headquartered in Tbilisi. The city is home to the popular Rustavi 2 television channel which gained considerable fame after its coverage of the Rose Revolution. In addition to Rustavi 2, the remaining three out of the four major public television channels of Georgia (including Imedi TV Mze and the Public Broadcasting Channel) are based in the city as well. Tbilisi’s television market has experienced notable changes since the second half of 2005 when Rustavi 2 successfully bought out the Mze TV Company and Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation became a shareholder of Imedi Media Holding at the beginning of 2006. By taking over the Imedi Media Holding Group, News Corporation entered the Post-Soviet media market for the first time in the company's history.
Tbilisi has a number of newspaper publishing houses. Some of the most noteworthy newspapers include the daily 24 Saati (24 Hours), Rezonansi (Resonance), Alia, the English-language daily The Messenger, weekly FINANCIAL, Georgia Today, and the English-language weekly The Georgian Times. Out of the city’s radio stations Imedi Radio (105.9FM), Fortuna, and Radio 105 are some of the more influential competitors with large national audiences.
Architecture
The architecture in the city is a mixture of local (Georgian), with strong influences of Byzantine, European/Russian (neo-classical), and Middle Eastern architectural styles. The oldest parts of town, including the Abanot-Ubani, Avlabari, and to a certain extent the Sololaki districts clearly have a traditional Georgian architectural look with Middle Eastern influences. The areas of Tbilisi which were built up mainly in the 19th century (Rustaveli Avenue, Vera district, etc.) have a contrasting European/Russian (neoclassical) look.
The turn of the 20th century was marked with an architectural revival, notably, with an art nouveau style. With the establishment of the communist government the style was decreed as bourgeois and largely neglected. Architecture of the later 20th century can mainly be identified with the type of building style that was common during the Soviet Era throughout the Soviet Union.
This included building large, concrete apartment blocks as well as social, cultural, and office facilities which didn't particularly fit Tbilisi's landscape. Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi has been the site of uncontrolled/unsanctioned building projects. Since 2004, the city government has taken new initiatives to curb uncontrolled construction projects with mixed success. In the near future, Tbilisi will have two skyscraper complexes. The Axis Towers and the new Ajaria Hotel/Business Complex (under construction) will be the tallest buildings/skyscrapers in the Caucasus.
Periodic events
Tbilisoba (Day of Tbilisi) is the largest annual celebration in the city, commemorating the foundation of Tbilisi. It is held towards the end of October each year and attracts many tourists. The festival was established in 1979 and reintroduced in 1994 after having been suspended for six years due to political unrest.
Landmarks
Tbilisi has a number of important landmarks and sightseeing locations. The parliament and the government (State Chancellery) buildings of Georgia, as well as the Supreme Court of Georgia, are all located in Tbilisi. The city also has important cultural landmarks such as the Tbilisi State Conservatoire, Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre,Shota Rustaveli State Academic Theatre, Marjanishvili State Academic Theatre, the Sameba Cathedral, the Vorontsov's Palace (also known as the Children's Palace today), many state museums, the National Public Library of the Parliament of Georgia, the National Bank of Georgia and other important institutions. During the Soviet times, Tbilisi continuously ranked in the top 4 cities in the Soviet Union for the number of museums.
Out of the city's historic landmarks, the most notable locations are the Narikala fortress (4th century-17th century AD), Anchiskhati Church (6th century, built up in the 16th century), Sioni Cathedral (8th century, later rebuilt), Church of Metekhi (13th century), etc.
Miscellaneous
Pronunciation
Georgians pronounce Tbilisi with a barely-spoken 't', so that it almost sounds like /bɪˈlisi/, or "bill-EE-see"; English speakers often mispronounce it like /tɪbˈlisi/, or "tib-LEE-see", but that's incorrect. The correct pronunciation is /ˌtbiˈliːsi/, or "tbee-LEE-see", with no vowel between the T and B, but both pronounced nonetheless.
Education
Universities in Tbilisi include:
Tbilisi State University
Georgian Technical University
Ilia Chavchavadze State University
Tbilisi State Conservatory
Tbilisi State Medical University
Georgian Agrarian University
Sister cities
Tbilisi's sister cities are:
Saarbrücken, Germany (1975)
Nantes, France (1979)
Ljubljana, Slovenia (1979)
Innsbruck, Austria (1982)
Yerevan, Armenia (1996)
Atlanta, United States (1987)
Palermo, Italy (1987)
Bristol, United Kingdom (1988)
Bilbao, Spain (1989)
Ankara, Turkey
Kiev, Ukraine (1999)
Astana, Kazakhstan (2005)Further Information
Get more info on 'Tbilisi Georgia'.
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